Countertop Stone Glossary
ABRASION RESISTANCE
The natural or finished property of a surface by which it resists abrasion from friction.
ABRASIVE FINISH
Non-reflective and flat finish.
ABRASIVE HARDNESS
Abrasion-resistant properties of stone or tile for floors, stair treads, and other solid surfaces.
ABSORPTION
The state or process of moisture or liquids being soaked up and held.
ABUTMENT
A support structure, such as arches, beams, trusses, or masonry
ACCELERATOR
A substance that accelerates the setting of epoxy, resin, and mortar
ACID WASH
Chemical-based acids or mechanical methods are used to distress stones and other surfaces to achieve the desired etched or distressed finish
ACRYLIC EMULSIONS
A clear-water-based latex made with acrylic polymers is used in adhesives and coatings.
ACRYLICS
Resins are composed of acrylic acids that are carried in water or solvent solutions. Acrylics are found in a variety of coatings, including paints, grouts, and caulk.
ACTIVE SOLIDS
The ingredients in a coating composition are measured as a weight percent of the total.
ADHERED
Secured and supported stone veneers are attached (adhered) with bonding agents.
ADOQUIN
Colored aggregates, pumice, and quartz from volcanic-based quarries are available in several colors.
AGATE
A quartz stone with veins and clouds. Available in a variety of colors.
AGGLOMERATE
Fabricated stone product designed to look like quarried stone, comprised of stone chips that are embedded in resins and mortar.
AGGREGATE
Man-made and natural fragments are added to mortar and resins to create solid surfaces.
ALABASTER
Fine-grained white gypsum, typically with transparent qualities, is easily carved for special design products.
ALTERATION
Change, adjustment, or addition to any room or building.
ALUMINUM STEARATE
Anti-settling agents in paint, varnish, water repellents, and cement for pigments and other colorings.
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
Environment temperature
ANHYDROUS
A compound substance containing no water molecules.
ANORTHOSITE
Igneous rock is characterized by large matrix grains that are dark in color.
ANTIQUE FINISH
A distressed textured finish is applied to wood, stone, and other surfaces.
APEX STONE
The uppermost stone in a pediment, vault, dome, or gable.
APRON
A protective trim piece under a stone top.
ARAGONITE (CaCO3)
A mineral consisting primarily of calcium carbonate, naturally occurring in seashells, that is translucent white.
ARCUATED CONSTRUCTION
The forming of an arch or vault in stone masonry by compression.
ARGILLITE
Sedimentary rock formed from consolidated clay that does not split easily and has a similar appearance to natural slate.
AROMATIC SOLVENTS
Organic aromatic compound hydrocarbon solvents.
ARRIS
The edge, corner, or angle formed by the meeting of two flat or curved surfaces.
ARTIFICIAL MARBLE
Commercially produced product composed of resins and fillers crafted to look like natural quarried marble.
ARTIFICIAL STONE
Commercially produced product composed of cements and aggregates crafted to look like natural stones or other designs.
BACK ARCH
A hidden arch that carries the load of a wall when the exterior face is carried by a lintel.
BACK FILLING
The process of refilling dirt removed during construction or the masonry built behind a facing.
BACKING
The exterior facing of a veneer that is designed to resist load.
BACKING ROD
Also known as a filler strip that is composed of a compressible and flexible substance, often installed at joints.
BACKSPLASH TILE
Tiles that are used for kitchen wall areas - above sinks, ranges, and other areas.
BANKER
The surface (often a workbench) where stone is cut, polished, and finished.
BASALT
A volcanic rock with fine grains that often has a columnar structure. Low in silica and is generally charcoal or black in color. Unlike granite, it contains little or no quartz or feldspars.
BASE BLOCK
A block at the base of a column or casing, which the baseboard abuts.
BASE COURSE
Sublayer of walls, supports, or piers.
BATTED
A finish applied to stone-type surfaces featuring parallel tool marks.
BED
Geological formation of rock marked by planes separating layers from layers, as in sedimentary strata. Beds can be differentiated by particle size, mineral type, or rock.
BED JOINT
A joint, normally horizontal, between stones that is filled with sealant or mortar.
BEDDING PLANE
The sedimentary stone is in its original horizontal plane.
BELT COURSE
Romanesque style of architecture that features continuous layers or rows of tiles, bricks, shingles, or stones on a vertical surface.
BENCH
A seat of cubic stone or the steps that are formed in quarries as a result of the removal of stone slabs in bed joints.
BERM
Raised banks or a strip of land that borders a river or canal.
BIOTITE
A micaceous mineral that is black, dark brown, or green.
BLACK GRANITE
A deep black igneous rock with medium to coarse visible grains and veins.
BLEED
The staining of surrounding areas caused by putties, mastics, paints, caulks, and other compounds.
BLENDS
A water repellent mixture comprised of raw materials.
BLUESTONE
Sandstone that is quarried exclusively in western Pennsylvania or New York state.
BRECCIA
Angular fragments of stones joined together. "Monogenetic Breccia" is comprised of a single mineral or rock. "Polygenetic Breccia" is comprised of a variety of rocks.
CALCAREOUS
Substance that contains calcium carbonate, calcium, or limestone.
CALCITE
A colorless or white mineral compound containing calcium carbonate found in marble, granite, and limestone.
CALCITE LIMESTONE
Limestone that does not contain more than 5% magnesium carbonate.
CALCITE MARBLE
Crystalline marble that does not contain more than 5% magnesium carbonate.
CALCITE STREAKS
The white or milky streaks are naturally occurring in stone.
CALCIUM OXIDE
Caustic white alkaline solid
CAMBER
Convex or arched shape of a horizontal surface.
CANTERA
A quartz volcanic stone quarried in Mexico
CAP STONE
The top stone of a vertical structure, such as a wall or arch.
CAPACITY INSULATION
The innate ability of stones and masonry to store heat based on their density and mass.
CAPILLARY ACTION
A phenomenon marked by dry materials absorbing moisture through the movement of liquids through porous materials.
CARBONATE
Chemical compounds are most often salts.
CARBONIC ACID
A very weak acid is formed when water dissolves carbon dioxide.
CAST STONE
Commercially produced concrete slabs crafted to simulate natural cut stones.
CATALYST
A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
CAULK
Waterproof malleable sealant and filler applied to stone joints, windows, and other joints for moisture protection and finishing.
CEMENT
The dry substance is mixed with water, sand, or gravel to make concrete.
CHAMFER
A beveled edge that connects two surfaces.
CHAT SAWED
A finish applied to stone by using chat sand to create a textured surface.
CHIP
An irregular piece of stone or other surface that is removed leaves a raw, unfinished edge.
CIRCULAR FACE
The outside or convex side of a spherical shape on a stone face.
CIRCULAR SUNK FACE
The inside or concave side of a spherical shape on a stone face.
CLADDING
The exterior stone veneer finish of a wall or other surface.
CLASTIC
Rocks composed of fragments of older rocks and stones.
CLAY
Fine-grained material that is malleable when damp, hard when dry, and vitrified when fired under significantly high temperatures.
CLAY MORTAR
A mortar made of clay is typically used when lime is too expensive or difficult to procure.
CLEAN BACK
In masonry, the end of a stone that is visible.
CLEANOUT HOLES
In masonry, the spaces are allowed for cleaning out debris and droppings before the placement of grout.
CLEAR COATING
A coating in a variety of finishes, including matte, semi-gloss, or high gloss, that is applied to protect, resist moisture, or repel moisture.
CLEARANCE
The space required for the installation and movement of materials during construction.
CLEAVAGE
The capacity of a rock to break along the natural plane.
CLEAVAGE MEMBRANE
In masonry, also known as the "slip sheet," is the membrane that prevents the mortar bed from bonding to the substrate.
CLEAVAGE PLANE
The plane in which a crystalline substance may be split.
CLIFT FINISH
A rough finish on natural stones that have been separated along naturally occurring planes and seams, such as slate.
COATING
A decorative or protective finish applied to the surface of stones to alter the appearance, enhance resistance to weathering, or make them waterproof.
COBBLESTONE
Rounded rough-finished granite or other stones are used for paving pathways, sidewalks, and driveways.
COMMERCIAL FLOORING
Flooring products that are designed for commercial applications that have specialized Coefficient of Friction and other industrial standards.
COMMERCIAL MARBLE
A rock capable of taking a polish that is composed primarily of serpentine, dolomite, or calcite, or a combination of these minerals.
COMPACT LIMESTONE
Non-metamorphic rocks with a natural sedimentary nature that are traded as marble.
COMPOSITE
As in masonry, a surface that is comprised of various minerals bonded together into a composite form.
CONDENSATION
The water that collects on cold surfaces when humid warm air comes into contact with it.
CONGLOMERATE
A stone that features a mix of pebbles and other rock particles.
CONSOLIDATION
The combination into a solid mass. In construction, it typically refers to the treatment of the surface of stones to delay the decaying process.
CONTOUR SCALING
The crust that forms across the surface of limestone and sandstone blocks the formation of calcium sulfates.
CONTROL JOINT
The groove joint that is tooled, sawed, or formed in masonry structures to manage cracking, shrinkage, and expansion.
COPE STONE
The typically flat horizontal stone at the top of a wall or other structure.
COPING
The covering cap atop a masonry wall is designed to protect by shedding water.
COQUINA
A soft, coarse-textured limestone that is highly porous and composed of broken shells and stone fragments cemented together by calcite.
CORAL LIMESTONE
A limestone rock that consists of calcareous coral skeletons and other organisms.
CORNERSTONE
The stone that forms the base of a corner in construction, such as the joining of two walls. It can also be the first stone laid during a formal ceremony at the erection of a building.
CORNICE
A horizontal ornamental molding found in interior and exterior joints where walls meet ceilings.
CORROSION RESISTANT
Products that have been professionally coated or treated to become impervious to corrosion.
COUNTERTOPS
A flat, solid surface in kitchens and bathrooms for working.
COURSE
The continual band of stone is at a constant vertical height.
COURSED VENEER
In masonry, the use of veneer stones that have equal height to form a continuous structure extending the full length of the façade.
COUSSINET
The French term for the stone that supports the lowest stone of an arch.
COVE BASE
A thin strip or stone with a concave lip to provide a smooth transition from floors to walls.
COVE JOINT
The joint where a wall meets the floor.
CRACK
A split, fissure, separation, cleavage, or break that extends across a surface of stone that is visible.
CRAMP
An anchor that holds two adjacent stones together.
CRANDALL
A hand tool used for finishing stone that consists of sharp, pointed bars in a hammer-like configuration.
CRATERING
A depression in the coating of a surface that has trapped bubbles.
CROSSETTE
An architectural term that refers to the projection at the corner of a door, window, or arch.
DAB
A process to dress the surface of a stone through the use of a sharp, pointed hand tool.
DACITE
A volcanic fine-grained extrusive rock somewhere in composition between the rhyolite and basalt.
DADO
An architectural term that refers to the lower part of a wall, below waist height, that has an ornamental covering, including stone.
DAMP COURSE
A layer of impermeable material is laid to prevent moisture absorption in foundation walls.
DAMP PROOFING
The application of a coating compound that is impervious to water and moisture.
DAMP PROOFING COURSE
A layer of impermeable material that prevents the entrance of moisture through both horizontal and vertical joints.
DEFLECTION
The fluctuation of a horizontal structure bends in the middle under stress.
DELAMINATION
The result of a faulty lamination process is loss of adhesion, separation, or splitting.
DEPTH OF GLOSS
The depth perceived when viewing reflective surfaces.
DESIGN
The process and art of decorating or laying out an outdoor space, interior room, or building.
DIABASE
Holocrystalline sub-volcanic rock that is deep gray to black.
DIE
In masonry, the cover layer of stone on a vertical surface, as from a wall to the ceiling.
DIMENSIONAL STONE
A natural building stone that has been cut into specific sizes and shapes for structures.
DIORITE
A coarse-grained speckled igneous rock that is composed of plagioclase, hornblende, and other mafic minerals.
DOLOMITE
A translucent mineral comprised of carbonate of calcium and magnesium. It can also refer to the sedimentary rock formed by this naturally occurring compound.
DOLOMITE MARBLE
A variety of limestone that contains in excess of 49% of magnesium carbonate.
DOLOMITIC LIMESTONE
Found in ledge formations of limestone, it is rich in magnesium carbonate available in a wide array of textures and color tones.
DOLOSTONE
Also known as dolomite rock. A sedimentary carbonate rock that contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite.
DOVETAIL ANCHOR
A dovetail-shaped slot that is connected to a concrete form.
DOVETAIL MOLDING
A molding of a zig-zag pattern that resembles dovetails.
DRESSED/HAND DRESSED
Hand-cut square or rectangular stones in rough chunks. Dressed typically means it is ready for installation.
DRESSING
The squaring and shaping of stones, rocks, slabs, and blocks for easy shipment and storage.
DRIP
The recess cut into a stone to divert water and throw it from the vertical surface.
DRIP MOLD
A projection from a cornice or sill that is designed to protect the area below from rainwater running down the face of a vertical surface.
DROVE
Also known as a drove chisel. A masonry chisel with a broad edge is used to dress and finish stones.
DRY PACK
The process of placing a mud bed, concrete, or mortar into a space by force.
DRY SEAM
The unhealed natural or caused fracture in a stone may show an inherent weakness.
DRY WALL
A stone wall that is constructed without the use of mortar.
DUAL FINISH
Refers to the process of using two separate finishes in a single process, for example, a polished and a thermal.
DURABILITY
The measurement of a product's ability to resist force, wear, and tear.
DUTCHMAN
A stone or piece of wood that is used to repair a larger area. It is specially crafted to ensure a proper look and size.
EFFLORESCENCE
A deposit of white carbonates or sulfates that forms on the surface of brick, concrete, mortar, or stone when moisture is absorbed.
EGGSHELL FINISH
A finish for woods, walls, or stone that is matte in appearance, like an eggshell.
EIGHT-CUT FINISH
A replicated corrugated finish of parallel markings.
EMULSION
A mixture of particles, liquids, and binders where particles are suspended.
ENCRINAL MARBLE
A marble saturated with shells and fossils creates unique patterns and colors.
ENDOLITHIC
In masonry, the process of adding color or textures to stone.
ENGINEERED STONE
A man-made composite material that is comprised of resins, rocks, glass, epoxies, and other ingredients.
ENTABLATURE
An architectural term that refers to the horizontal stones above columns.
ENTASIS
A convex curve crafted into the shaft of a column to create a visual illusion.
EPOXY
An adhesive made from synthetic thermosetting polymers that are chemically resistant and tough.
EPOXY RESIN
A flexible thermosetting resin used in coatings, laminates, and adhesives, normally used for surface coatings, mortars, cements, floor surfaces, and adhesives.
ERECTION
The process of building or setting a stone into place in the vertical plane.
ETCHING
In masonry, a finish where the stone is eroded by an acid. Etching can be done in specific designs or patterns in small areas or for an overall finish.
EXFOLIATION
The peeling off of flakes of stone or mineral in thin layers is caused by chemical reaction, weather, or heat.
EXPANSION
The enlargement (in all directions) is due to natural phenomenon, including absorption of water or a temperature rise.
EXPOSED AGGREGATE
A type of finish on concrete that is crafted to expose special stones and fragments for their colors, shapes, and sizes.
FABRICATION
In masonry, the process of transforming quarry stones into finished stone.
FACE
The exposed surface of a structure or stone.
FACIES, METAMORPHIC
Groups of mineral compositions in metamorphic rocks that come from specific pressure-temperature areas.
FACTOR OF SAFETY
The mathematical calculation by which the expected stress or weight is multiplied to determine the strength or resistance required for safety.
FACTORY-FINISH INSTALLATION
Stones, tiles, floors, or walls that have surface finishes manufactured and tooled in a factory, and not onsite.
FALSE JOINT
Also known as a dummy joint, refers to the lines and grooves that appear on stones or other surfaces.
FASCIA
The long flat surface between moldings.
FAT MORTAR
A sticky mortar that contains cement components.
FAULT
A break in the bedding planes of stones, granites, limestone, and marbles that can interfere with underground drainage.
FEATHER EDGE
A fine edge finish crafted by beveling or cutting stone.
FELDSPAR
A rock-forming mineral that occurs as pale-colored crystals resulting from crystalline minerals.
FERRUNGINOUS
A limestone, sandstone, or other quartz-based stone that contains a high percentage of iron oxide.
FIELD STONE
Stones are scattered over the ground cover.
FIELDSTONE
A naturally weathered stone collected from the top of the ground. Popular areas from which fieldstones are gathered include the High Plains and New England.
FILLER STRIP
A resilient material is placed in the joint to provide sealant properties.
FILLET
A flat, thin molding strip used to separate larger or ornamental moldings.
FILLING
A masonry term that refers to the filling of the natural voids with resins, mortars, cements, or shellacs.
FINES
The residue is created from processing rock.
FINISH
The final coating and texture are applied to the surface of stone, walls, or wood.
FIREPLACE
A fireproof structure engineered for the purpose of housing an intentional fire.
FIREPROOFING
The process of making a product or surface resistant to sparks, flames, and fire.
FIXING
A European term referring to the installation of stone work.
FLAGSTONE
Stone is cut into thin slabs primarily used for patios, walkways and driveways.
FLAMED FINISH
A rugged finish for stone is accomplished by heating the surface to extreme temperatures and then rapidly cooling.
FLASHING
A thin strip of metal or other material used under a roof to stop water and moisture from being absorbed by the junction.
FLEURI
An effect crafted when marble and other stones are sawn parallel to the natural bedding plane in the quarry.
FLEURI CUT
A process in which quarried stone or marble is cut parallel to the natural bedding plane.
FLINT
A hard, finely grained, deep gray stone that is nearly pure silica that fractures conchoidally.
FLOAT
A masonry tool used for smoothing and spreading plaster, cement, or mortar.
FLOAT COAT
The thin layer of mortar that is applied to a surface and given a float finish.
FLOORING
Materials used to cover floors. These can include granite, tile, marble, and wood.
FLUTED
A stone that has a channel or groove carved into it, such as a column.
FLUTING
Shallow grooves or grooves carved into stone columns or pillars for decoration.
FOUR-CORNER FINISH
A coarse, hammered finish.
FOUR-MAN BOULDERS
Rough cut stones weighing less than 750 pounds.
FOYER
An entrance space or hall between a building's entrance and interior.
FREESTONE
A stone that can be cut in any direction without risk of splitting or fracturing.
FRIEZE
A horizontal ornamental band at the junction of walls and the ceiling.
FROG
The indentation on the surface of a brick.
FRONT
The primary façade of a building that has the main entrance.
FULL MORTAR BEDDING
Refers to the process of applying mortar to the entire masonry base; typically used in load-bearing construction of foundations and walls
FURRING
A finishing method for a masonry wall that prevents moisture absorption, provides for insulation, or simply provides a smooth surface for finishing.
GABBRO
A coarsely grained plutonic crystalline rock containing pyroxene, plagioclase, and feldspar.
GABLE
A part of a wall that encloses the end of a pitched roof from the eaves to the apex.
GALLET
A chip of stone
GANG SAW
A machine saw with blades primarily used to cut quarry blocks into slabs.
GANG SAWED
The rough surface of a stone after having been gang-sawed.
GANTRY SAW
A single-blade diamond saw with a mobile rail and blade that is repositioned between cuts along the tracks of the rail.
GARRETING
The process and craft of inserting stone fragments into mortar joints before mortar setting up.
GAUGED
The grinding process that makes all pieces of material the same thickness.
GLASS MOSAIC
Tiles of a mosaic design made from glass. Can be translucent, textured, and mounted to mesh backings for easy installation.
GLASS SEAM
A narrow streak, vein, or joint similar in appearance to glass that does not affect structural soundness.
GLOSS
A finish with significant luster and shine is measured by the amount of light reflected.
GNIESS
A metamorphic coarse-grained rock primarily consisted of quartz, mica, and feldspar. It is sometimes referred to as "Trade Granite".
GRADE COURSE
The grade level that is waterproofed.
GRAIN
The most clear cleavage of natural stone.
GRANITE
A very dense igneous rock comprised mostly of quartz, feldspar, and magnesium.
GRANITE COUNTERTOP
A flat working surface area composed of natural coarsely grained igneous rock composed of quartz, feldspar, and mica.
GRANITE SLAB
A slab of igneous rock that can be used for countertops, walls, flooring, table tops, and other design projects.
GRANULAR
The innate and natural texture of stones is characterized by small grains and particles.
GRAVEL
Small aggregate stones of quartz, limestone, basalt, and granite are used for landscaping and driveway applications.
GREEN MORTAR
Mortar that has not yet fully dried but has set.
GREENSTONE
Natural or altered igneous stones that have a greenish hue.
GREYWACKE
A variety of sandstone that is characterized by flakes and fragments of quartz, feldspar, and other fragments that are set in a clay matrix.
GRIND-IN-PLACE INSTALLATION
A method of installation where tile, granite, marble, or other stones are set into mortar and then finished in place.
GROG
A brick that is made from crushed bricks and mixed with clay.
GROUT
A paste or mortar made from cement, aggregates, and water, used for filling crevices between bricks, tiles, and stones on walls and flooring
GROUT CORE MASONRY
The process of filling masonry products (that have hollow cores) with grout for extra stability and strength.
GROUT LIFT
The height at which grout is placed in joints or cavities.
GROUT POUR
The overall height of a masonry wall.
GROUTED MASONRY
Masonry projects that have joints and voids filled with grout.
GUIDE SPECIFICATION
The recommended specifications for the installation of stone and other masonry products.
GYPSUM
A hydrated calcium sulfate sedimentary stone formation is typically soft, white, or light gray in color.
HAIRLINE CRACKING
The naturally occurring superficial thin cracking of a concrete surface.
HALF BULLNOSE
An edging option for stone surfaces, such as a granite countertop that is convex.
HALF ROUND
An edging option for stone or other hard surfaces, such as a countertop that has a semi-circular finish.
HALITE
Colorless cubic crystals, including rock salt.
HAND-CUT RANDOM RECTANGULAR
The process in which stones are hand-cut into geometric shapes with consistent joints for a patterned finish.
HARD-BURNED
Clay products, for example, bricks, have been fired at extremely high temperatures to a nearly vitrified state.
HARDNESS
The measurement of hardness in stones and other surfaces is determined by the Mohs Scale.
HEAD
In masonry, the end of a stone or rock that has been machine or hand-tooled to match the face of the stone. These heads are used as corner pieces for door jams, windows, or other areas where corners are visible.
HEAD JOINT
A vertical joint between masonry stones where mortar is placed.
HEADER
Also referred to as a bonder, in masonry, is a unit that overlaps adjacent units.
HEADSTONE
The principal stone in a construction project, such as a keystone or cornerstone.
HEARTH
A fireproof, typically raised, section of the floor directly in front of a fireplace or wood-burning stove.
HEMIHYDRATE
A crystalline hydrate that contains one water molecule for every two molecules of the compound.
HERRINGBONE
A pattern for setting tiles or stones in a slanted design in alternating polarities.
HEWN STONE
A finish for stones created by chipping with a mallet and chisel.
HIGH-STRENGTH ADHESIVE
A high-strength adhesive and bonding agent used to join pieces of stone and other materials.
HONE FINISH
A type of finish available for stones and other hard surfaces that has a smooth satin appearance.
HONES/HONE FINISH
A type of finish recommended for commercial flooring constructed from marble, granite, and quartz that has a smooth satin finish.
HORNEBLEND
A dark green, black, or brown mineral that can be found in igneous stones, including granite.
HYDRATE
A mineral composition that was formed by a combination of organic elements and compounds with water.
HYDRATED LIME
The product of heating limestone creates this caustic substance.
HYDRAULIC
In masonry projects, it refers to the process of hardening with or under water.
HYDROPHILIC
The characteristic by which substances absorb, mix with, or dissolve in water.
HYDROPHOBIC
The inherent characteristic in substances that repel water.
IGNEOUS ROCK
A rock that is formed by the solidification of molten magma.
IMPORT BROKER
A professional who acts as an import agent for foreign-sourced products.
IMPORTER
A business or individual that purchases, distributes, and resells foreign-sourced products.
IMPREGNATION
The process of applying a chemical compound to penetrate a stone for a variety of purposes, including stain inhibition.
IMPREGNATOR
Chemical compounds that are engineered to penetrate the surface of a stone. Typically applied to reduce the absorbency rate inherent in stone.
INCISE
The action of cutting or engraving a stone or other solid surface.
INDENTING
The intentional practice of omitting stones in a pattern to allow for future bonding work.
INLAY
An ornamental decoration that is crafted by removing a portion of the base stone or wood and inserting a different surface, including wood, glass, tile, or stone.
JOINT
In masonry, the space between stones or tiles and the abutting materials.
JOINT REINFORCEMENT
A steel reinforcement that is placed in mortar bed joints.
JOINTING
A process in which the joints of masonry are finished before the mortar has completely hardened and cured.
JOINTING SCHEME
An architectural drawing of the location, dimensions, design, and configuration of stones, indicating the joints in the pattern.
JUMPER
A piece of a stone that is raised in comparison to the adjacent stones or material. Typically used in horizontal joints.
KAOLINITE
A mineral that is white or light gray, composed of aluminum silicate.
KERF
A slit made by cutting with a saw blade.
KEY BLOCK
The first block is removed from a new ledge in a quarry that is removed by lateral shifting, undercutting, or drilling.
KEYSTONE
A wedge-shaped stone is placed at the top of an arch.
KILN
An oven or furnace designed for firing clay or brick.
KILN RUN
Bricks from a single kiln that have not been sorted or graded.
KING CLOSURE
A brick that has been crafted to have one 2-inch end and one full-width end.
KNEELER
A stone that supports inclined masonry projects as part of walls or other projects. May include cope stones.
LAMINATION
The process of adhering two pieces of stone or other surfaces together.
LANDSCAPE STONES
Natural stones cut for landscaping projects, including driveways, outdoor fireplaces, and other projects.
LAP
The process of overlapping one surface with another.
LATERAL SUPPORT
Engineering practice where walls and columns are braced by floors, beams, or roofs.
LATEX ADHESIVE
An emulsion of rubber and resin is used to adhere a variety of surfaces together.
LAVA
Igneous rocks that were created by volcanic activity. These include rhyolite and basalt.
LEAN MORTAR
A mortar that is difficult to spread due to its cement component deficiency.
LEDGER PANELS
Ready to install panels of stone for fireplaces and walls that have the appearance of individually stacked or laid stones.
LEDGER STONE
A flat horizontal slab of stone used in foundations.
LEGS
The vertical dimension of a stone used on the sides of vertical openings, including fireplaces.
LEGS
In masonry work, the vertical stones are used to line a fireplace opening.
LEWIS BOLT
An anchor bolt that has a conical base where concrete is poured to secure.
LEWIS HOLES
Holes that have been cut or drilled into stone for the lifting or installation of stones with anchor bolts.
LIME HYDRATED
A quicklime that has water added to convert inherent oxides to hydroxides.
LIME PUTTY
A hydrated lime in a plastic form, ready for addition to mortar.
LIME-HYDRAULIC
A compound that has a chemical reaction with water.
LIMESTONE
A hard sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate or dolomite created from the decomposition of marine organisms.
LINE PIN
In masonry, a metal pin is used to attach a line for alignment.
LINERS
A structured engineered section of masonry structures that are constructed to give strength, increase joint depth, and, in the case of chimneys, provide fire resistance.
LINTEL
A horizontal beam or other support structure of concrete, steel, timber, or stone across an opening, such as a door or window.
LIPPAGE
An uneven floor surface that occurs when tiles or stones are not laid flat. Typically, lippage should not be greater than 1/32 of an inch.
LIPPING
The result when flooring or paving surfaces are not flat or the adjoining pieces of tiles or stones are warped, causing an uneven surface where one of the material pieces is higher.
LOAD BEARING
A supporting wall or structural system that is designed to carry structural loads.
LUG
In masonry terms, a slightly protruding stone that is used to attach to a bordering structure.
LUG SILL
A stone sill that is set into the jambs on either side of a masonry opening.
MACHINE FINISH
A finish produced by mechanical planers to create a variety of surface finishes.
MALPAIS
A dark colored rock found in rough terrain, typically from a volcanic source.
MANTEL
A stone, arch, or beam design to support masonry above a fireplace opening.
MANUFACTURED
In masonry, it refers to fabricated stones that are ready for installation.
MANUFACTURER
In masonry, the company that fabricates stone.
MARBLE
A crystalline metamorphic stone with veins and streaks of color and texture that is capable of being polished.
METAMORPHIC ROCK
A rock that has been altered by intense pressure, high temperatures, or both. Examples include quartz-based stones, granite, shale, and marble.
MICRO FIBER
A fabric made from synthetic yarns with a denier of less than 1 denier.
MOHS SCALE
The commercially recognized scale for determining the hardness of solids. The lower the number, the softer the material. (1) Talc, (2) Gypsum, (3) Calcite (Marble), (4) Fluorite, (5) Apatite, (6) Feldspar (Granite), (7) Quartz (Granite), (8) Topaz, (9) C
MOSAIC
A pattern or picture created by arranging small colored pieces of stone, tile, or glass.
MOSAIC TILE
Tiles that are mounted on mesh sheets or adhesive strips that have a pattern or picture.
MOSAICS
A pattern or picture created by arranging colored pieces of tile, stone, or glass.
NATURAL BED
Typically, stratified materials such as stone are set on the same plane.
NATURAL CEMENT
An organic product of lime that has a high clay content.
NATURAL CLEFT
In masonry, a type of finish created by splitting the stone to the cleft surface, leaving a natural appearance and finish.
NATURAL STONE
A stone, including granite, quartz, slate, marble, and others that occur naturally.
NATURAL STONE MOSAICS
Stones that are attached by a mesh or adhesive backing in a design or pattern.
NEAT CEMENT
A cement product that is uncut by sand, making it pure.
NEGATIVE LIP
The result of an installation where tiles or stones are installed lower than the surrounding tiles.
NOMINAL DIMENSION
In masonry, a dimension that is greater than the specified dimension as determined by the mortar joint thickness. In carpentry, the labels are given to lumber before finishing.
NON-COMBUSTIBLE
Materials that will not ignite or burn when subjected to extreme temperatures or flames.
NON-CORRODING
Materials that resist oxidation and corrosive actions.
NON-FERROUS
A metal, including alloys that do not contain appreciable percentages of iron; it includes nickel, titanium, zinc, lead, and many more.
NON-STAINING MORTAR
A stain-resistant mortar comprised of materials that have a very low alkali content.
NOSING
A rounded edge on a molding or step.
OBSIDIAN
A dark, hard volcanic rock (normally black) formed by the rapid solidification of lava.
OFF FALL
The remnants from slabs of marble, granite, or other stones. They can be used for other projects.
OFFSET
A design feature is when pieces of material, including wood, stones, and tiles, are intentionally set oppositely.
OGEE
An edge finish, as for countertops, that features an S-shaped curve.
ONE-MAN BOULDERS
Stones that weigh less than 150 pounds.
ONYX MARBLE
A dense and semi-transparent crystalline rock comprised of calcite and sometimes aragonite.
OOLITIC LIMESTONE
A sedimentary rock formed from spherical grains in concentric layers. This calcite calcareous limestone is often formed from shells and is available in some areas of Indiana, Texas, Alabama, and Kansas.
OPALIZED
A stone that has an opalescent nature of reflecting a variety of colors and hues, as does a natural opal.
OPHICALCITE
A metamorphic rock that is similar to a serpentine marble; it can be white due to high calcium content, green, or red.
ORGANIC
Naturally occurring compounds that are biological in origin.
OUT-CROP
Rocks or stones that appear above ground level.
OUT-OF-WIND
In masonry, it typically refers to veneer stones that do not feature perpendicular or parallel lines that are irregular or rustic in their appearance.
OVER BURDEN
The waste stone in quarries that covers the useful or prized underlying stones.
PALLETIZED
The system for safely stacking stones on wooden pallets for storage or shipment.
PANEL
Masonry refers to a fabricated unit of stone veneer.
PARGING
A cover of plaster or mortar that provides damp proofing.
PARQUETRY
Inlaid work and designs of woods, stones, or tiles for floors, furniture, or countertops.
PATCH
A compound that is used to fill cracks, chips, or naturally occurring voids.
PATINA
The green or brown color that occurs on metals through oxidation.
PAVER
A fabricated interlocking stone used for pathways, patios, and driveways.
PEDESTAL
A supporting structure crafted from stone or wood.
PERMEABILITY
The state or quality of a material that causes it to allow gases or liquids to pass through it.
PERPENDER
A stone or piece of wood that extends through a wall as an ornamental design that is finished on both ends.
PERRONS
An external platform of slabs of stone for steps. A feature of Palladian architecture.
PETROGLYPHY
A prehistoric rock carving often depicting animals, symbols, and people.
PHENOCYRST
A large crystal in a porphyritic or igneous rock.
PHENOL
A mild acidic toxic white crystalline solid used in the manufacturing of resins.
PICKED
A finish for stone that has been dressed with a masonry point.
PIER
A support structure made from stone that is smaller than a column.
PILASTER
From classical architecture, a rectangular column that projects 1/3 of its width from a wall.
PISCINA
In ancient Roman architecture, a pool or pond was used for swimming or bathing. Also refers to a stone basin set near an altar in a Catholic church.
PITCHED
A finish for stone that resembles a rock face that is crafted with a pitching tool.
PITCHED STONE
A finish for a stone crafted by a pitching chisel, creating a rough cut face.
PLANER
A machine that gauges stone and produces finishes.
PLATE TRACERY
A design that has been carved from a flat plate of stone.
PLINTHS
The lower slab at the base of a column provides support and stability.
PLUCKED FINISH
A finish for stone that is created through a rough planing of the surface while breaking and plucking particles to give a rough texture.
PLUG AND FEATHERS
Tools that are used to split stones and rocks.
PLUMB BOMB
A lead or heavy metal weight that is suspended from a line to determine vertical trueness.
PLUMB RULE
A plumb line that is attached to a board with lines of measurement, like a ruler, is used for determining the vertical plane.
POINT
A spike or nail that has a point formed by 2 sides meeting at a sharp angle.
POINT FINISH
A finish for stone that is rough and tooled.
POINTING
In masonry and tiling, it refers to the final finishing and filling of mortar joints.
POLISHED
A finish that has been rubbed or sanded to a smooth, shiny finish. It can be accomplished on dense materials such as granite, marble, and others to bring out the full character and colors inherent in stone.
POLYESTER RESIN
An unsaturated resin that is formed by diabasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols. Used in the composite industry for reinforcement of plastics and fiberglass.
POLYETHYLENE FILM
A film with very low absorption rates.
PORCELAIN
A ceramic made from clay and fired to over 2500 degrees for strength and toughness.
POROSITY
The property of being porous; the total measurement of absorption.
PORPHYRY
A hard igneous rock that contains crystals, usually feldspar (granite) in a fine-grained groundmass.
PORTLAND CEMENT
A cement manufactured from clay and limestone that hardens underwater.
POSITIVE LIP
The result occurs when a factory-finished stone or tile is intentionally installed higher than adjacent tiles.
POULTICING
The method and process of drawing stains or other soluble matter out of stone by applying an absorbent material like clay that is mixed with a cleaning solvent.
PRE-CAST
A concrete product that has been intentionally shaped and poured off-site. Examples include concrete slabs.
PREASSEMBLED UNITS
In masonry, two or more stones or rocks are combined into a single unit with epoxies, mesh backings, or steel frames.
PREFABRICATED COUNTERTOPS
A mass-produced countertop that is cut, finished, and polished at the factory. Can be granite, marble, composites, quartz, or other countertop materials.
PREFABRICATED GRANITE
A mass-produced granite product that is cut, finished, and polished in the factory.
PRESSURE RELIEVING JOINT
The open horizontal joint is typically below floors that are caulked and sealed to prevent moisture absorption.
PRODUCER
In masonry, the individual or company that quarries stone.
PROFILE
The outline of an object as seen from the side.
PROFILE MACHINE
A machine that cuts molding on stone.
PROJECTIONS
In masonry, it refers to the process of removing stones or rocks from veneer walls to create rough visual characteristics.
PYRITE
An iron sulfide with yellow and brass metallic hues.
QUARRIED STONE
A stone that has been removed from the natural planes in a quarry by the use of machinery and tools.
QUARRIER
The individual who works in a quarry.
QUARRY
A deep pit where stones or other materials are extracted.
QUARRY BLOCK
A rectangular piece of stone that comes from a quarry.
QUARRY RUN
In masonry, the general waste of unselected materials.
QUARRY SAP
The naturally occurring water or moisture present in stone when it is removed from the ground.
QUARTER ROUND
A convex molding.
QUARTZ
A white or colorless mineral found in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks, typically responsible for the natural veins and streaks.
QUARTZ-BASED STONE
A sedimentary stone, such as sandstone, or a metamorphic stone, such as quartzite.
QUARTZATIC SANDSTONE
A metamorphic sandstone that consists of quartz fine grains that are cemented with silica.
QUARTZITE
A compact, extremely hard granular rock that consists of quartz crystals. Most often it is quarried in stratified layers
QUEEN CLOSURE
A brick that has been cut with a two-inch face dimension.
QUICKLIME
A white crystalline oxide made from crushed limestone.
QUIONS
The external angle in a building or wall.
RABBETT
A recessed groove cut into the edge of wood or stone to form a match with another piece.
RACKING
In masonry, the process is one in which successive courses are stepped back from the face of the wall.
RAKE
A stone's face that has been angularly cut.
RANDOM
In masonry, a pattern where joints appear web-like.
RANDOM ASHLAR
In masonry, the layout and design of geometric stones are not laid in continuous regular courses but are arranged at different widths and heights.
RANDOM MASONRY
When stones and rocks are laid in varying heights.
RANGE
In masonry terms, the course of thickness across the façade. All range courses are not necessarily of equal thickness.
RANGE OF COLOR
In masonry terms, the measured variation of shades, hues, colors, veins, and textures in stones, including granite, marble, quartz, and onyx.
RE-CRYSTALLIZED LIMESTONE
The crystalline patterns in limestone have been replaced with crystals, fossils, or other materials.
RE-POINTING
The process of raking out, refilling, or finishing joints with mortar.
REBATED KERF
The additional cut is made by cutting a kerf in the stone for anchoring.
RECEPTOR
Also known as a shower base, it is the curb and combined floor structure.
REEDED
A specially crafted and shaped molding of woods or stone that have a semi-cylindrical face.
REGRATING
A finish for stone where the surface is removed or cleaned to expose fresh stone.
REINFORCEMENT
The process or act of strengthening and structuring.
RELIEF
A decorative or ornamental detail of embossing or carving.
RESINING
The process or action of treating stone with resins to fill nicks, crevices, and fissures.
RESTAURANT FLOORING
Flooring that is engineered specially for the requirements needed in a restaurant, such as anti-slip and skid-resistant.
RESTORATION
In masonry, the process of cleaning, finishing, or repairing stone.
RETAINING WALL STONE
The stones that are used in retaining walls are engineered to resist lateral pressure.
RETARDING AGENT
A chemical mixture added to grout or mortar that slows the curing and hardening.
RETEMPURING
The process of moistening mortar and remixing it to bring it to the proper consistency.
RETUCLITATED WORK
Also known as "opus reticulatum," it is a design of brickwork from Ancient Roman architecture that features diamond-shaped bricks that are placed at 45-degree angles.
RETURN
A right-angle wall, molding, or other horizontal structure.
RETURN HEAD
In masonry terms, the stone façade has the same finish on two sides for the corners.
REVEAL
In masonry, the depth of stone between the outer face and an opening is typically at 90 degrees from the front face.
RIFT
The pronounced cleavage of a stone, or the direction that the grain runs.
RIPRAP
Loose irregularly shaped stones are used to form the foundation of a breakwater or other structure, such as a foundation. It can be used for stepping stones and patios.
RISE
In masonry terms, it refers to the varying heights of stones.
RISING RAMP
The natural capillary action, where groundwater travels through masonry.
RIVEN
A finish for stone where it has been cut or slit along the natural cleavage planes.
ROCK
Solid mineral materials that are part of the Earth's crust.
ROCK (PITCH) FACE
A finish for stone that is similar to "split face," except that the stone is pitched in a given line that produces a bold appearance.
ROCKED FINISH
A finish for stone that leaves a bubbled and textured appearance.
RODDING
The reinforcement of a structure, including stone, is achieved by cementing reinforcing rods into channels or grooves.
ROMAN ARCH
Also referred to as a "Norman Arch", it is a semi-circular arch where the stones are wedge-shaped.
ROSE WINDOW
A circular window or stone that radiates in a pattern suggestive of the petals of a rose.
ROUGH BACK
The finish on the stone, where one side is rough and the other has been gang-sawed.
ROUGH SAWN
A stone finish crafted by gang sawing.
ROUGHING OUT
The process of cutting or carving a raw stone to remove the unwanted bulk.
ROWLOCK
A pattern or design of masonry where bricks are laid on their face with ends visible in the façade.
RUBBED FINISH
A finish for stone where machinery rubs for a smoother finish.
RUBBING STONE
The abrasive stone is used to finish and smooth the edges of stones and tile.
RUBBLE
The term is used for dimension stones that are used for building walls and foundations that include irregularly shaped pieces.
RUSTIC
A grade of limestone characterized by a coarse texture. It can also refer to stone that has been roughly hand-finished.
RUSTICATED
In masonry, joints that have been beveled or recessed for ornamental or design purposes.
RUSTIFICATION
The process of recessing cut stones for the purpose of creating a channel in the joints.
SAND BLASTED
A finish for stones that is matte in appearance, created by the application of sand under high pressure
SANDSTONE
A sedimentary rock that consists of quartz, feldspar, and sand. Available in a wide array of colors and designs, including reds, yellows, and browns.
SAWED EDGE
A smooth edge finish for stone that is created by cutting with a diamond blade or gang saw.
SAWED FINISH
A finish for stone that features textures from rough to smooth, accomplished by chat sawn, shot sawn, diamond sawn, or other processes.
SEALING
The process of applying a chemical compound designed to make joints water-tight. Tiles, stones, countertops, grouts, foundations, windows, and more can be sealed to resist water.
SEDIMENTARY STONES
Rocks that have been formed by the natural sedimentation process within the Earth's surface. It can include rocks or fossils.
SERPENTINE
A dark green mineral comprised of hydrated magnesium silicate that is spotted or mottled like a snake's skin.
SETTER
A professional journeyman who installs stone and tile.
SHALE
A soft, finely stratified sedimentary rock that is formed from consolidated clay or mud that can be split into plates. Typically not as hard as slate and comes in a variety of shades, including blacks, browns, grays, and reds.
SLATE
A fine-grained, bluish, gray, or green metamorphic rock that is easily split into smooth, flat plates.
SOUNDNESS
The properties and characteristics of stone are used to describe the cracks, imperfections, and faults.
SPALL
A fragment or splinter of stone separated from the base stone.
STONE CARE AND MAINTENANCE
The process of caring for natural stones, tiles, grouts, and mortars. Maintenance can include periodic re-sealing, as with granite.
STUNNED CRYSTALS, (MARKS)
Whitish markings in stones that are the result of damage occurring to the crystals when subjected to high stress.
TCA (Tile Council Of America)
The professional association of manufacturers of ceramic and porcelain tiles. The leading resource for education and installation techniques.
TEMPLATE
A pattern made from plastic, wood, or metal that is used to apply a repetitive pattern through chemical process, drilling, or cutting.
TERRAZZO
A hard, durable flooring material comprised of chips of granite and/or marble set in concrete and then polished.
TEXTURE
The appearance, consistency, and feel of a surface.
TEXTURED FINISH
A finish for stone obtained by hammering and chiseling.
THERMAL FINISH
A finish for stone that is rough and non-reflective, which is achieved through the application of intense heat or flames.
THIN STONE
A stone that is less than 2 inches thick.
THRESHOLD
The flat strip of stone, wood, or other material that projects above the floor between rooms.
TILE
A thin composite of clay or porcelain used for flooring, walls, and countertops.
TOLERANCE
An allowance in the fabrication process.
TRANSLUCENCE
The quality of allowing light to pass through.
TRAVERTINE
A white or light colored calcareous rock that is a variety of limestone.
TUMBLE FINISH
A finish for stone that is produced by machine tumbling, creating an uneven surface.
TUMBLED TRAVERTINE
A travertine finish that has a rough textured finish and rounded edges.
TUMBLER
A drum-like rotating machine used to produce the tumbled finish on stones, including marbles and travertine.
VEIN
A naturally occurring seam or layer of minerals different from the surrounding material.
VEIN CUT
The process where a quarried stone is cut perpendicular to natural bedding or cleavage.
VENEER
A thin facing stone used for vertical coverings, including exterior and interior walls and fireplaces.
VITRIFICATION
The result of high-temperature firing is that the grains and pores of clays fuse.
VOUSSOIR
A wedge-shaped or tapered stone used in an arch.
VUG
A natural cavity in a rock is sometimes lined with mineral crystals.
WALL TILE
Tiles that are used for kitchen backsplashes, bathroom, and shower walls.
WARPED
In masonry terms, a natural condition of slates and flagstones that are not treated with rubbing, honing, or polishing.
WASH
In landscaping, a sloped area where water will run.
WATER BASE
A solution that contains a water-soluble or water-dispersible binder.
WATER MARK
Stains on woods, tiles, stones, or other hard surfaces caused by acid in water.
WATER OF CRYSTALLIZATION
The water molecules form as an essential part of the crystal structure of compounds.
WATERPROOFING
The process of making a surface impervious to water.
WAXING
In masonry terms, the process of filling natural voids with shellac or cement.
WEAR
In masonry terms, the removal of materials from the façade of stones through impact or friction.
WEATHERED JOINT
A mortar joint that has an outward and downward slope to shed water.
WEATHERING
The process by which the appearance or texture of a surface is changed by natural atmospheric phenomena or by chemical or mechanical processes.
WEDGING
The process of splitting a stone by driving wedges into the planes of inherent weaknesses.
WEEP HOLES
A drainage opening in joints to allow the release of moisture.
WETTING
The ability of a coating or film to penetrate or spread over a surface.
WHOLESALER
A person or entity that purchases a product for resale.
WIND (WINED)
The warp in a semi-finished slab of stone that is removed during further fabrication.
WINDOW SILL
A horizontal shelf-like structure below a window frame.
WINDOW STOOL
A narrow horizontal shelf fitted across the inside of a window opening.
WIRE SAW
A tool with one or more wire cables that run on a pulley system to cut natural stones into slabs and blocks.
WIRE SAWN
The method of cutting a natural stone with a wire that has been immersed in abrasive liquids to create various effects.
WRAP AROUND
The ability of a coating or film to cover all areas of a substrate, including edges and sides.
